Operating Systems for IT
ISBN 978-1-4652-8990-2
First Edition

Michael Robinson
Florida International University

Book Available at:
Kendall Hunt Publishing
Barnes and Nobles FIU Bookstore

The purpose of this book is to teach you how the Computer Operating Systems and the diverse Computer Hardwares are managed by the multiple specialties of IT (Information Technology) Professionals.

The Information Techonology (IT) Profession is composed of many highly specialized areas. In my opinion IT professionals make organizations work. Their responsabilities range from the System Design, Implementation, Users training, Security, Maintenance, and again, make sure that organizations work properly.

Computer Scientists are in charge of creating the Software that controls the Hardare. Computer, Electrical and Mechanical Engineers make the Hardware. IT professionals are resposible for making sure that the Software and Hardware are always working properly and that the users are correctly trained.

An Operating System is the software that allows the users to control the hardware.

To make this work better, please email me any recommendations to:
michael.robinson@cs.fiu.edu or dmsdata@bellsouth.net

Thank you and Happy Programming!!

Michael Robinson

Contents

Chapter One: Operating Systems
What is an Operating System? ........... 1
Operating Systems Types ................ 2
Operating Systems Architecture ......... 5
Operating Systems Functions ............ 7
User Interface ......................... 8
Processor Management ................... 9
Storage Management ..................... 9
Memory Management ...................... 9
Device Management ...................... 10
Summary ................................ 11
Key Terms .............................. 12
Exercises .............................. 15
Further Reading ........................ 17

Chapter Two: The Basics
Primary Memory ......................... 19
Secondary Memory ....................... 19
File Systems ........................... 20
What is a block size? .................. 20
Windows File Systems ................... 21
Linux File Systems ..................... 22
Swapping in Operating Systems .......... 23
Time Splicing .......................... 24
Multitasking ........................... 25
Multiprocessing ........................ 25
Multithreading ......................... 25
Summary ................................ 27
Key Terms .............................. 28
Exercises .............................. 33
Further Reading ........................ 35

Chapter Three: Virtual Machines
Operating Systems ISO .................. 37
Installing Operating Systems ........... 37
How Regular Computers Work ............. 38
What is a Virtual Machine? ............. 38
Benefits of Virtual Computers .......... 39
Major Problems of Virtual Machines ..... 41
How do we Install the VM Software? ..... 42
Virtual Machines and The Cloud ......... 43
Installing Applications in VMs ......... 44
Text Editors ........................... 45
Using Terminal Mode in Virtual Machines. 46
Using Programming Languages in VM ...... 46
Summary ................................ 47
Key Terms .............................. 48
Exercises .............................. 55
Further Reading ........................ 57

Chapter Four: Numerical Systems
Numerical Systems ...................... 59
Decimal Numerical System ............... 59
Binary Numerical System ................ 59
Why binary? ............................ 60
8 bits byte Samples .................... 60
Hexadecimal Numerical System ........... 63
Convert Hexadecimal to Binary .......... 65
Convert Binary to Hexadecimal .......... 66
Convert Decimal to Binary .............. 66
Convert Binary to Decimal .............. 69
What Type of Number is This? ........... 71
ASCII Codes Table ...................... 72
ASCII Tables ........................... 73
Unicode Standard ....................... 76
Summary ................................ 78
Key Terms .............................. 79
Exercises .............................. 87
Further Reading ........................ 89

Chapter Five: Computer Hardware
What is inside a computer? ............. 91
Central Processing Unit(s) ........... 91
Heat Sinks ........................... 92
Fans ................................. 93
Motherboards ......................... 94
Slots .............................. 94
Cable Connectors ................... 95
Batteries .......................... 96
BIOS ............................... 97
Storage .............................. 98
Primary Storage .................... 98
Secondary Storage .................. 99
Hard Disks Drives ................ 100
IDE – PATA – ATA ............... 102
SATA ........................... 102
Solid State Drives (SSD) ....... 103
SCSI ........................... 104
Network (NAS) &
Personal Cloud Hard Drives ..... 105
Internal Drives ................ 106
External Drives ................ 107
CD, DVD .......................... 108
Flash Drives ..................... 109
Tapes ............................ 109
Western Digital new memories ......... 111
Video Boards ........................... 112
Ports .................................. 112
Peripherals ............................ 114
Keyboards ............................ 114
Mouse ................................ 115
Cameras .............................. 116
Scanners ............................. 117
Power Supplies ......................... 117
Summary ................................ 119
Key Terms .............................. 120
Exercises .............................. 137
Further Reading ........................ 140

Chapter Six: Computer Categories
Computer Types ......................... 141
Supercomputers ....................... 141
Blade Computers ...................... 145
Main Frame Computers ................. 146
Mini Computers ....................... 148
Servers .............................. 151
Desktops ............................. 151
Thin Clients ......................... 152
Laptops .............................. 153
Netbooks ............................. 154
Tablets .............................. 155
Server Types ........................... 156
Data/Application Servers ............. 156
Printer Servers ...................... 157
Network Printers ..................... 157
Local Printers ....................... 158
Copy Servers ......................... 158
Network Faxes ........................ 159
Local Faxes .......................... 160
FTP Servers .......................... 160
Web Servers .......................... 160
DNS Servers .......................... 161
SQL Servers .......................... 162
Fax Servers .......................... 163
Email Servers POP3 ................... 163
Email Servers SMTP ................... 163
Email Servers MAPI ................... 164
Server Parts that are Usually
not Found in Laptops ................. 164
Hot Swappable Hard Drives ............ 164
Hot Swappable Power Supplies ......... 165
Multiple Ethernet Boards ............. 166
Multiple Video Boards ................ 167
Multiple CPUs ........................ 168
Multiple Fans ........................ 169
Automobile Computers ................. 170
Other Types of Computers ............. 170
Telephones ............................. 170
Analog Telephones .................... 171
VoIP Telephones ...................... 172
Celullar Phones ...................... 173
Summary ................................ 175
Key Terms .............................. 177
Exercises .............................. 201
Further Reading ........................ 203

Chapter Seven: Computer Software
Where does Software Fit? ............... 205
What is Software? ...................... 206
Software Categories .................... 206
System Software ...................... 208
Applications Software ................ 208
Word Processors ...................... 208
Text Editors ......................... 210
Spreadsheets ......................... 211
Accounting Software .................. 212
Browsers ............................. 212
Email ................................ 213
Games ................................ 214
Graphics ............................. 215
Presentations ........................ 216
Research Software .................... 217
Artificial Intelligence Software ..... 218
Medical .............................. 220
Embedded Software .................... 221
Summary ................................ 222
Key Terms .............................. 223
Exercises .............................. 237
Further Reading ........................ 239

Chapter Eight: Linux Terminal Mode Programming
What is Linux? ......................... 241
Linux Terminal Mode .................... 242
Shell Files ............................ 243
Shell Scripting Commands ............... 244
Simple every day commands .............. 244
echo ................................. 244
mkdir ................................ 245
cd ................................... 245
path ................................. 245
Absolute Path ........................ 245
Relative Path ........................ 246
rmdir ................................ 247
cd ../ ............................... 247
cd ~ ................................. 248
cd / ................................. 248
touch ................................ 249
> .................................... 250
>> ................................... 250
cat .................................. 251
more ................................. 252
less ................................. 252
ls ................................... 252
ls –la ............................... 253
ls -la –t ............................ 254
pipe ( | ) ........................... 254
ls -la -t | less ..................... 255
pwd .................................. 256
Wild Card *? ......................... 256
Wild Card * .......................... 256
Wild Card ? .......................... 257
chmod ................................ 257
cp ................................... 258
mv ................................... 258
rm ................................... 259
rmdir ................................ 259
wc -l -w –c .......................... 260
grep ................................. 261
man .................................. 263
--help ............................... 263
Program Samples ...................... 264
Comments ............................. 264
Single Line Comments ................. 264
Multi-Line Comments .................. 265
Running Build-in Shell Commands ...... 266
Reading the Input Port ............... 266
Executing Build-in Shell Commands and
Assigning Value to the Variable .... 267
if and else command .................. 267
while loop ........................... 268
for loops ............................ 270
case statement ....................... 271
touch command ........................ 272
files flags .......................... 272
regular if ........................... 273
nested if ............................ 273
Soccer Game .......................... 274
Comparisons commands ................. 274
while true ........................... 274
head ................................. 276
tail ................................. 276
Summary ................................ 277
Key Terms .............................. 278
Exercises .............................. 307
Further Reading ........................ 309

Chapter Nine: Windows Command Line Programming
What is Windows? ....................... 311
Windows Command Prompt ................. 311
Batch Files ............................ 312
Batch Scripting Commands ............... 313
Simple every day commands .............. 313
echo ................................. 313
mkdir ................................ 314
cd ................................... 314
path ................................. 314
Absolute Path ........................ 315
Relative Path ........................ 315
rmdir ................................ 316
cd ..\ ............................... 317
cd \ ................................. 317
type nul > ........................... 317
type nul >> .......................... 318
>> ................................... 318
type ................................. 319
more ................................. 319
dir .................................. 320
attrib ............................... 321
pipe ( | ) ........................... 322
echo %dir% ........................... 323
Wild Cards * ? ....................... 323
Wild Card * .......................... 324
Wild Card ? .......................... 324
copy ................................. 325
move ................................. 326
del and erase ........................ 326
rmdir ................................ 327
find ................................. 327
findstr .............................. 328
help ................................. 331
Program Samples ...................... 333
REM .................................. 333
:MAIN ................................ 334
set .................................. 334
if ................................... 335
for loops ............................ 336
pause ................................ 336
calling programs ..................... 337
Summary ................................ 340
Key Terms .............................. 341
Exercises .............................. 365
Further Reading ........................ 367

Chapter Ten: Networking
Networks Types ......................... 369
LAN .................................... 369
WAN .................................... 370
Client/Server .......................... 371
Peer to Peer ........................... 372
Distributed Systems .................... 373
Parallel Computing ..................... 374
Network Connectivity Hardware .......... 375
Hubs ................................. 375
Switches ............................. 377
Routers .............................. 378
Networking Cables, Pipes ............... 380
Internal Cabling ....................... 382
Outside Cabling ........................ 383
Connectors ............................. 383
VoIP Telephones ........................ 384
Analog Telephones ...................... 385
Wall Plates ............................ 388
Summary ................................ 390
Key Terms .............................. 391
Exercises .............................. 401
Further Reading ........................ 403

Chapter Eleven: Directories, Files and Attributes
Files and Folders Rights
and Attributes ....................... 405
Linux Rights and Attributes ............ 405
Windows Rights and Attributes .......... 409
Convert Linux Text Files to Windows .... 410
Convert Windows Text Files to Linux .... 411
Where is the OS Located in Windows? .... 412
Where is the OS Located in Linux? ...... 413
Summary ................................ 416
Key Terms .............................. 417
Exercises .............................. 423
Further Reading ........................ 425

Chapter Twelve: Protocols
File Transfer Protocol FTP ............. 427
FileZilla .............................. 427
WinSCP ................................. 429
Secured Shell Systems .................. 430
SecPanel Linux ......................... 430
Putty Windows ...................... ... 431
Wired Internet ......................... 433
Wireless ............................... 434
Internet2 .............................. 436
Disk Partitions – Volumes .............. 436
Windows Volumes ........................ 437
Linux Volumes .......................... 438
Compression ............................ 438
Encryption ............................. 439
Symmetric Encryption ................... 439
Asymmetric Encryption .................. 440
Summary ....................... ........ 441
Key Terms .............................. 442
Exercises .............................. 451
Further Reading ........................ 453

Chapter Thirteen: Software Tools 455
Protocols .............................. 455
Email Protocols ........................ 456
POP3 Protocol .......................... 456
SMTP ................................... 457
IMAP ................................... 458
File Transfer Protocol ................. 458
FileZilla ........................ ..... 459
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol) ..................... 460
Secure Shell – SSH ..................... 461
Secured Shell Systems .................. 461
SecPanel Linux ......................... 462
Putty Windows .......................... 462
TELNET ................................. 463
HTTP, HTTPS ............................ 464
Bottlenecks ............................ 465
Summary ................................ 466
Key Terms ....................... ...... 467
Exercises .............................. 473

Glossary 475